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PTI LE MARS :
ST PETERSBURG :
HISTORY OF SAINT PETERSBURG:
GRADOSTROITELSTVO SAINT PETERSBURG
St. Petersburg, founded in 1703 in marshland on the banks of semi-Neva delta, constantly evolved over three centuries. Images from the city formed gradually, with the change of eras, dominated in urban development trends and architectural styles. Yet Petersburg differs surprising and unique artistic unity, harmony strict monumental buildings and majestic parade ensembles historic centre, dressed in granite embankments, povisshih over rivers and canals bridges. Initially, buildings were at the Peter and Paul Fortress, which formed the traditional Old Russia to free-up beautifully curved streets with scattered Sloboda. However, this period was very short. In Petersburg, to become the capital of Russia in 1712, the first time in the country has consistently implemented the principles of the regular urban development. As in 1716 the architect D. Trezzini developed a project to create a wide center on Vasilyevsky Island, the whole territory to be divided by a network of channels on rectangular blocks. Although this idea has remained untapped, he laid the foundations of clear geometric layout characteristic of this part of St. Petersburg.
In subsequent years, construction activities focused on the left bank of the Neva, which has become the nucleus of a rapidly growing city. Here, a radial arc planning structure. Her skeleton is "trident" major urban highways (Nevsky Voznesensky and pamphlets, Gorokhovaya Street), diverging rays from the Admiralty building. A great contribution to improving the spatial composition of the central regions made up to 1762 1796's. Commission on the stone structure of St. Petersburg and Moscow. Compiled under the direction of architect AV Kvasova project plan Petersburg contributed to the organization of the critical urban areas and identified the southern boundary of the capital, as mandated construction in 1769 1833's. Obvodny Canal. Major urban reconstruction Petersburg was carried out in the first third of the XIX century. Ensemble approach to building, declared itself in the works of outstanding masters of high classicism N. A. Voronikhin, A. D. Zakharova, J. Thomas de Tomona, reached its flourished in the Empire period. The vast territory in the city center received final clearance through creativity Carlo Rossi, the creator of grandiose complexes of the General Staff, the Senate and Synod, Alexandrinsky Theatre and the Mikhailovsky Palace, completed the formation of architectural panoramas central squares of St. Petersburg.
In the second half of XIX in early XX. State regulation of urban weakened. The rapid development of industry predetermined appearance outside the historic centre of extensive and neblagoustroennyh working areas. Their reconstruction deployed in 1920 1930 - ies. When the former outskirts of new streets were laid, but instead grew exemplary slum residential areas, drowning in greenery.
Compiled in 1935 1939's. The master plan has identified Leningrad prospects for further development of the city through the development of new territories in the south. Tam received Petersburg continued to traditional planning system, which became the main axis of Moscow avenue. At the intersection with his newly laid central arc line to be built grand ensemble ceremonial and administrative center. In the future, the idea of preferential growth cities in the south replaced by the concept of equitable development. The massive housing construction 1960 1990 - ies. Petersburg area has increased significantly, forming gigantic in size, new residential areas in the south, west and north of the city. New buildings went to Gulf of Finland, which currently formed the marine facade of St. Petersburg.
VOSEMNADTSATOE CENTURY CENTURY FOUNDED . Founder of St. Petersburg, Russia great reformer Peter I dreamed of creating a European-type city. The first builders of the northern capital were mostly foreign architects, specially invited by the king. D. Trezzini, A. Shlyuter, D. M. Fontana, GI Shedel, GI Mattarnovi, N. Michetti created the original style of early baroque St. Petersburg, reflect the influence of various European schools. Monuments that era (Peter and Paul Cathedral, the Summer Palace of Peter I, Menshikov Palace, Kunstkamera) distinguish reluctance decoration and architectural clarity chleneny. Of particular elegance of their facades attached two-bright coloration.
The same architectural tradition continued in 1730 - the beginning of 1740 x - ies. Russians in the works of prominent architects MG Zemtsova, P. M. Eropkina, I. K. Korobov. The leading master of St. Petersburg architecture in the mid-XVIII. When Russian Baroque came during his heyday, was F. B. Rastrelli. In Vorontsovskom created them and Stroganov Palace, the imperial luxury residences in St. Petersburg and its environs (Winter, Petergofsky Öàðñêîñåëüñêèé and palaces), monumentality and spatial dimensions combined with the richest figurative decor, underlined the dynamics of forms. In 1740 1750 cult architecture - ies. Rises receptions dopetrovskoy architecture. Smolny Cathedral monastery Rastrelli and Nikolsky Cathedral Marine SI Chevakinskogo panoramas Petersburg enriched their picturesque silhouettes.
KLASSITSIZM I AMPIR. leading direction in the second half XVIII architecture of the first third of the XIX century. became classicism. The principles of the new style for the first time to fully disclose the Academy of Arts in the building, constructed of AFKokorinov together with Zh.B.Vallen-Delamotom. In the formation of classicism in 1760 1770 - ies. prominent role played by A. Rinaldi (Marble Palace) and Yuri M. Velten (St. church. Catherine). In 1780 1800's. appeal to the creative heritage of the great Italian Renaissance master Andrea Palladio has become the basis for the formation of strict classics, which lead representative at the St. Petersburg architecture became Giacomo Quarenghi. The monumental simplicity and calm grandeur typical of the buildings he erected the Hermitage Theatre, the Academy of Sciences, Assignatsionnogo Bank. Principles palladianstva followed in his work and NA Lvov master bright personality, created Nevskie gates Peter and Paul Fortress, Main Post Office and original songs for church, known as Kulich and Easter.
In the palace estate and construction of this period have been widely trehchastnye development schemes. The noble grace different one of the best works of this type Tauride Palace, built on the draft I. E. Starova.
Period high classicism and Empire (1800 1830 - ies.) Involves the construction of grand ensembles and large public buildings. The most important links in the formation of parade appearance Petersburg were created at the beginning of the XIX century. Kazansky Cathedral N. A. Voronikhin, Bourse de Tomona J. Thomas, D. A. Admiralty Zakharova, striking effect on his artistic expression. Thrust to the majestic solemnity, underlined monumental decisions reinforced after the victory over Russia Napoleonic France in the Patriotic War of 1812. Increasing ideological and figurative importance of architecture. In the decorated facades of the special role becomes a monumental sculpture, which develops military patriotic themes and celebrating the triumph of Russian state power.
Ensemble, as the supreme principle of urban development, has become a defining feature of creativity largest master this era of Carlo Rossi. In 1820 1830 - ies. on its projects have been carried out large-scale reconstruction work in central districts of St. Petersburg. Created a complex of buildings of the General Staff at the Palace Square, Senate and the Synod on the Senate Square, Alexandrinsky Theatre and the Mikhailovsky Palace, completed addition of the main squares of ensembles.
MOVING TO NEW FORMS . Much credit for the development of St. Petersburg architecture at the final stage of classicism belonged VP Stasovu. Pavlovskie they built barracks, the Savior Transfiguration and Trinity Cathedral played a prominent role in the spatial composition of the city centre. The latest monument to the Empire style was St. Isaac's Cathedral O. Montferrand dominating in the silhouette of St. Petersburg.
At the dawn of 1830 1840 - ies. Russian architecture occurred in rapid evolution from classicism to retrospectively stilizatorstvu and eclectic. Architects AP Bryullov, AI Shtakensheyder, AK Kavos, AI Krakau, IA Monighetti, GA Bosse, N. L. Benoit exhibited his works in masterly various forms of ownership historical styles. Bright national identity painted monuments neorusskogo style, the founder of which is KA Ton. Picturesque songs on the Resurrection Parish
Christ (Temple at the Blood) A. Parlanda most impressive piece of this direction.
Nouveau short period (1890 - 1910 e beginning - ies.) Enriched Petersburg next interesting buildings, diverse in their nature and spatial solutions decoration. The various branches of this style represented by such facilities as Vitebsky Station (SA Brzhozovsky, SI Minash) and mansion MF Kshesinskoy (AI von Gauguin).
Appeal in 1910 - ies. Neoclassicism to Forms-based national architectural heritage of the first third of the XIX century., has completed pre-revolutionary period of development Petersburg architecture.
KONSTRUKTIVIZM . In architecture 1920 1930 - ies. dominance of constructivism took the original version of the pan-currents functionalism. However, the period was short-constructive development, construction activities were mostly on the outskirts of the city, virtually without affecting its historic centre (Packaging factory Krasnoye Znamya; fragments in the building Pl. Stachek).
In the works of Leningrad architects second half of 1930 1950 - ies. found expression orientation Soviet architecture of those years to mastering classical heritage, revived ensemble approach to the building, monumental thirst for effective and expressive shape, gradually turns into an external parade. It was then that the term was born, to identify buildings of that period as Stalin's Empire, which became a typical example of a block of flats in Moscow park prospect for victory.
Waiver of ukrashatelskih trends and Stalin Empire occurred in early 1960 - ies. Marked a return to tradition Constructivism and the interruption to the initiation of international experience. Over the past decade as a result of numerous architectural development workshops erected so-called sleeping areas, including Rzhevka lake and a long, ambitious new set of the Kirov Factory hospitals, residential buildings from the subway station Primorskaya before the start of Naval embankment and much more. The creative potential of St. Petersburg architecture is far from exhausted, he disclosed different faces in a complex mosaic of pluralistic aspirations of the architects of our days.
